Black Cherry, An Important North American Tree

The black  cherry or Prunus serotina is a species in the subgenus Padus with beautiful flower  clusters, each separate flower attached by short equal stalks and called  racemes. All cherries in the landscape or forest share this floral design and often used as  specimens in yards and parks. All true cherries are deciduous trees and shed their leaves before winter dormancy. Prunus serotina,  also commonly called wild black cherry, rum cherry, or mountain black cherry, is a woody plant species belonging to the genus Prunus. This cherry is native to eastern North America from southern Quebec and Ontario south to Texas and central Florida, with disjunct populations in Arizona and New Mexico, and in the mountains of Mexico and Guatemala. This North American native tree usually grows to  60 but can grow as tall as 145 feet on exceptional sites. The bark of young trees are smooth but become fissured and scaly as the trees trunk enlarges with age. The leaves are alternate in rank, simple in shape, and narrowly oval, 4 inches long with finely toothed margins. Leaf texture is glabrous (smooth) and commonly with reddish hairs along the midrib beneath and near the base (see leaf anatomy). The Cherrys Beautiful Flowers and Fruit The flowers inflorescence (meaning  the complete flower head of a plant including stems, stalks, bracts, and flowers)  is very attractive. This  flower head is five inches long at the end of leafy twigs of the Spring season, with numerous 1/3 white flowers with five petals. The fruits are berry-like, about 3/4 in diameter, and turn black purple when ripe. The actual seed in the berry is a single, black, ovoid stone. The common name black cherry is derived  from the black color of the ripe fruits.   Dark Side of a Black Cherry The leaves, twigs, bark  and seeds of black cherry produce  a chemical called cyanogenic glycoside.  Hydrogen cyanide is released when the living parts of plant material are chewed and eaten and are toxic to both human and animal. It has a very repulsive taste and that taste is one of the identifying factors of the tree. Most poisoning comes from livestock eating wilted leaves, which contain more of the toxin than fresh leaves but with a diminishing of the bad taste. Interestingly enough, white-tailed deer browse seedlings and saplings without harm. The inner bark has highly concentrated forms of the chemical but was actually used ethnobotanically in much of the Appalachian states as a cough remedy, tonic, and sedative. The glycoside seems to reduce spasms in the smooth muscles lining bronchioles. Still, very large amounts of black cherry pose the theoretical risk of causing cyanide poisoning.   Ã‚   Dormant Identification of Black Cherry The tree has narrow corky and light, horizontal lenticels. Lenticels in black cherry are one of many vertically raised pores in the stem of a woody plant that allows gas exchange between the atmosphere and the internal tissues  on the bark of a young tree. The cherry bark breaks into thin dark plates and raised edges on older wood are described as burnt cornflakes. You can safely taste the twig that has what has been described as a bitter almond taste. The cherry bark is dark grey but can be both smooth and scaly with reddish-brown inner bark. The Most Common North American Hardwood List ash:  Genus  Fraxinus  basswood:  Genus  Tilia  birch:  Genus  Betula  black cherry:  Genus  Prunus  black walnut/butternut:  Genus  Juglans  cottonwood:  Genus  Populus  elm: Genus  Ulmus  hackberry:  Genus  Celtis  hickory:  Genus  Carya  holly:  Genus  IIex  locust: Genus  Robinia  and  Gleditsia  magnolia:  Genus  Magnolia  maple:  Genus  Acer  oak:  Genus  Quercus  poplar:  Genus  Populus  red alder:  Genus  Alnus  royal paulownia:  Genus  Paulownia  sassafras:  Genus  Sassafras  sweetgum:  Genus  Liquidambar  sycamore:  Genus  Platanus  tupelo: Genus  Nyssa  willow:Genus  Salix  yellow-poplar:  Genus  Liriodendron

Critique And New Directions For Theory - 1317 Words

Critique and new directions for theory Raewyn Connell’s concepts and theory have found wide use in areas such as education studies, criminology, the study of media representations of men and in organization studies (Connell and Messerschmidt 2005). With such a broad applicability, it also attracted a great deal of criticism. In their review of the concepts and of the critique, Connell and Messerschmidt sort the existing objections in five categories of critique, which I will present in the following section (ibid., 836-845). The first main argument is that the underlying concept of masculinity is flawed, that it creates a static typology and essentializes the character of men. The authors reject this critique and assert that ‘masculinity is not a fixed entity embedded in the body or personality traits of individuals’ (Connell and Messerschmidt 2005, 836). Moreover, they deem the conflating of ‘hegemonic masculinity’ with a certain type of men or confining it to certain â€Å"manly† characteristics as an inadequate use of the concept. As Levy argues, ‘hegemonic masculinity’ is an ideal-type, ‘the currently accepted male ideal within a particular culture at a particular time’ (2007, 254). In his research of the recent academic appropriation of ‘hegemonic masculinity’, Messerschmidt found out that 18% of the 128 articles using it as a core concept ‘equated hegemonic masculinity with certain â€Å"masculine† character traits (2012, 61). He exemplified with a study that tried to showShow MoreRelatedForeign Policy And The Current Syrian Conflict993 Words   |  4 PagesIn the study of International Relations there exists a number of different theories, each in which try to explain the role of America in foreign policy and world politics. 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I Don; T Know Free Essays

Unit Eight Project Danielle Cripe Kaplan University Unit 8 Project Questions: Part I 1. Under HIPAA, are you legally allowed to view this patient’s medical information? Why or why not? All personal and confidential information should be limited to the bare amount of health care professionals. Only to carry out medical treatment (MLAE). We will write a custom essay sample on I Don; T Know or any similar topic only for you Order Now 2. In this case, how would you be able to correct your error and provide the missing documents to the patient while still protecting patient confidentiality under HIPAA? You should contact the patient inform them you still have the documents, and ask if they ould like to come to get them (MLAE). 3. Besides a HIPAA Patient Release of Information form, list 4 other items that are found in the medical record. A privacy notice, acknowledgment that the privacy notice was received, a trading partner agreement, and an agreement reached with a healthcare professional business associates (MLAE). 4. Legally, does the patient or the physician/healthcare facility own the medical record? Why? The healthcare facility, but the patient can access them any time as long as the physician feels it will cause no harm to the patient (MLAE). 5. List 3 ways patient confidentiality is maintained in the reception/waiting area of a medical office. Not discussing patient information in the lobby. Making sure computer screens are out of patients sight. Also making sure patients files are not left open (MLAE). 6. A breach of confidentiality can result in what consequences for a health care professional? This could result in possible termination, or possible civil action being taken (MLAE). 7. From the list of Interpersonal Ethics (found in Chapter 1 of the Fremgen text), please describe how any of those traits were demonstrated in your actions in this case scenario? Respect by looking to make sure you could access his information (MLAE). Unit 8 Project Questions: Part II 1. Would the action taken in this second scenario be within your scope of practice for your chosen field? Why or why not? No only physicians should be giving out prescriptions, and they should have never even looked in the file. They should have just taken a message for the doctor (MLAE). 2. What determines your scope of practice for your chosen career? What you study, and what the office you are working in tells you to do (MLAE). 3. Would Respondeat Superior apply in this case scenario? Why or why not? I would not think so, because this person was not acting within their scope of Employment (MLAE). 4. Would the Good Samaritan Law apply in this case scenario? Why or why not? No because this was not any emergency situation (MLAE). 5. What role does the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) play in regards to prescription medication? The FDA is responsible for protecting and promoting public health through the regulation and supervision of food safety, tobacco products, dietary supplements, prescription and ver-the-counter pharmaceutical drugs (medications), vaccines, biopharmaceuticals, blood transfusions, medical devices, electromagnetic radiation emitting devices (ERED), and veterinary products (MLAE). 6. What role does the Drug Enforcement Agency (DEA) play in regards to prescription medication and a physician’s ability to prescribe narcotics? Physicians must have a DEA license to write prescriptions, and i t must be for the state they are practicing in (MLAE). References Bonnie F Fremgen, Ph. D. (2009). MEDICAL LAW AND ETHICS. New Jersey : Pearson Education Inc. How to cite I Don; T Know, Essay examples

The Impact of It in the PAS Company-Free-Samples for Students

Questions: 1.Discuss how each department uses Information technology, what hardware equipment are required including the network devices. Explain the function of each device 2.Specify the Operating Systems and application software required for data Communication between the clients and servers for each department. Justify your answer. 3.Explain the function of each layer of the Internet Model. 4.Use the Internet model with the support of diagrams to explain how the messages are moved between the layers when an Employee sent an email form a PC at the Market department to the Manager at the Sale Department. 5.Discuss the kind of Networks used for PAS. Justify your answer. 6.Propose with justification the type of application architectures that would appear to be the most beneficial to the Human Resources Department. Answers: 1.Introduction The aim of this project is to discuss the impact and the structure of the information technology system at the PAS Company. PAS is an Australian company which was established in 1990 in the service of delivering packages overnight. With the increment in the business volume and growth PAS developed different branches in Canberra, Melbourne, Brisbane and Perth. The Sydney office is mainly responsible for the data processing. For communication among different offices and for data analysis Information technology is required and should be designed in an advanced way. This report explains about the impact of the IT system, hardware and software specifications, and network details used at PAS. Several types of PAS networks are given with details in this report. Internet layers are also discussed with the idea behind sending emails among different internet layers. This report also proposes an architecture model about the human resource department of PAS. 2.Impact of Information Technology at PAS Information technology is an important tool to analyze data and maintaining records of an organization. As PAS has a service of delivering to people, PAS needs a responsive website that can connect with people faster and in a better way (Baihaqi Sohal, 2013). IT can help to make a well structured network system that can help the company to connect with people as well as to communicate among the employees of the organization. The organization has many departments and to make a good communication among them proper networking is required. Information technology also helps the organization by utilizing cloud computing, big data analysis methods to analyze data and completing tasks in more efficient way. More advanced architecture helps to make the working environment more fluent and advanced (Chudk et al., 2013). Therefore Information technology has a huge impact on the PAS Company for bringing automation, protection to information in the organization and to provide more customer satisf action. 3.Hardware specifications and functions For making the information technology system more efficient in the organization need of advance computer system is required. The company wants to implement a centralized database for billing and it consists of an Apple computer of model no. I Mac MK442HN/A. It has a LED screen of 21.5 inches for better display (Jahns Lee, 2014). It consists of 8GB RAM, Intel Core i5 processor with 2.8GHz processing speed. It has a 1TB Hard disk memory and the hardware is of Mac platform. The processor functions for analyzing the data in a better speed and with accuracy. The memory is enough to make the database of the billing section of the company and also to store several files (Jia et al., 2014). The other computers used in the company also use Intel based processor with more or less same features as mentioned. Networking is an important part of the computing system to make the connections among the computers. Main networking device switch are used in the computing system are Network hub, Network switch, Modem, Network router, Bridge, Repeater. Network hub is used to connect different network hosts and to transfer data (Kasemsap, 2015). Network switch is also used as the layer of a LAN and it is more specific in case of transferring the data to a particular port. A modem is used to modulate and demodulate the data to convert from digital to analog form for transmitting through the wires. In this organization D-Link Modems, hubs and switches are used. 4.Software specifications for the clients and servers The apple computer consists of the IOS operating system and the other Intel based computers have windows 10 as the operating system. The main centralized billing system requires different application software like Microsoft Excel, PowerPoint, word, and outlook. Other applications like Calculators, Paint, Adobe reader, Calendars are used also. Google chrome, Firefox and Microsoft edge are used as the browsing software. Microsoft email and Gmail are used as the application to handle the mails (Min et al., 2014). Cortana is special application software that is only available in case of windows 10. In case of IOS platform Siri is used as special application for voice communication. In case of IOS platform Safari is used as the internet browser and there are G-maps, spotlight, i-Tunes, i-Books for using media files and transfer them through internet. 5.Internet model layer Internet layer is a collection of several protocols, methods and specifications for working in the Internet protocol suite that is used to transfer data from the host to destination host through different boundaries. Internet layers are mainly used to select the gateway for transmitting the outgoing data packets. It also captures the data packet using appropriate transport protocol and links. Internet model layers also detect the errors and diagnose it (Nakayama, 2014). In PAS Internet layers like IPV4, ICMP are used mainly. IP refers to the internet protocol and ICMP refers to the Internet Control Message Protocol. The Internet Protocol Security or IPSec is also used to provide the security through IP communications by authenticating and encrypting the data packets which are transported through the internet layers. Internet layers are the fundamental elements of the communication among different departments in this organization Figure 1: Different layers of Internet model (Source: Zhou, Zheng Wu, 2015). 6.Movement process of email between different layers of the Internet model All the departments and specially the Human resource department of the PAS need a very reliable communication system to transfer the e-mails. In case of sending the emails, it can be considered as data packet that is to be transmitted from the host computer to the receiver or target computer. Now there are different Internet layers used to transfer the information. First the email is sent to the Application layer or HTTP (Patterson Hennessy, 2017). Then it is sent to the Transport later (TCP). Then the Network layer or Internet Protocol layer transfer the data packet from the Transfer layer to the Data Link layer. Ethernet is used as the data transfer channel between the Data link layers of the host system and the receiver system. Again the previous process is done in the reversed order. Thus the data packet is transferred to the target computer through Network, Transport and Application layers respectively. 7.Types of PAS networks There are various types of networks used in PAS. Networking lines are important for transmitting the data from the host to the target computer. Different network lines which are used in the PAS are Twisted Pair, Fiber Optic cables, Coaxial cables (Stanley et al., 2016). 8.Application architecture proposal for the human resources department In this section the architecture of the Internet protocol system is proposed. The internet layer must contain the IPV4 protocol to transfer data more secured in fast way. The transaction of the data depends upon the framework designed in the architecture of the system. The architecture contains Application, Presentation, Session, Transport, Network, Data link and Physical layers as the basis of the transmission model (Zhou, Zheng Wu, 2015). Advanced algorithms are also used to make the transmission line more responsive. The information transmitted through the network system must be encrypted to maintain the security of the organization. Figure 2: Architecture of the network model (Source: Stanley et al., 2016). Conclusion From the above discussion it is concluded that the PAS Company is becoming more dependent on the Information technology system. For communicating the departments and keeping the records of the information applications of the computing system is needed with proper network devices and software. Different hardware and software features are discussed with specifications. The network system is also discussed with an architecture proposed with the networking system. Recommendations It is recommended to set the computing system as mentioned in the report with the given specifications. The network system should be also designed in the structured as mentioned. It is important to encrypt the information to increase the security of the organization. References Baihaqi, I., Sohal, A. S. (2013). The impact of information sharing in supply chains on organisational performance: an empirical study.Production Planning Control,24(8-9), 743-758. Chudk, J., David, G., Kotov, V. E., Mirenkov, N. N., Ondas, J., Plander, I., Valkovskii, V. A. (2013).Algorithms, software and hardware of parallel computers. Springer Science Business Media. Jahns, J., Lee, S. H. (2014).Optical Computing Hardware: Optical Computing. Academic press. Jia, Y., Shelhamer, E., Donahue, J., Karayev, S., Long, J., Girshick, R., ... Darrell, T. (2014, November). Caffe: Convolutional architecture for fast feature embedding. InProceedings of the 22nd ACM international conference on Multimedia(pp. 675-678). ACM. Kasemsap, K. (2015). The role of information system within enterprise architecture and their impact on business performance.Technology, innovation, and enterprise transformation, 262-284. Min, B., Do Yi, S., Lee, K. M., Goh, K. I. (2014). Network robustness of multiplex networks with interlayer degree correlations.Physical Review E,89(4), 042811. Nakayama, W. (2014). Heat in computers: applied heat transfer in information technology.Journal of Heat Transfer,136(1), 013001. Nakayama, W. (2014). Heat in computers: applied heat transfer in information technology.Journal of Heat Transfer,136(1), 013001. Patterson, D. A., Hennessy, J. L. (2017).Computer Organization and Design RISC-V Edition: The Hardware Software Interface. Morgan kaufmann. Stanley, N., Shai, S., Taylor, D., Mucha, P. J. (2016). Clustering network layers with the strata multilayer stochastic block model.IEEE transactions on network science and engineering,3(2), 95-105. Zhou, Y., Zheng, X., Wu, W. (2015). Effect of local information within network layers on the evolution of cooperation in duplex public goods games.Chaos, Solitons Fractals,78, 47-60.

Normans And Middle English Essays - English Languages, Phonology

Normans And Middle English The year 1066 had a resounding impact on the course of English history. William the First, Duke of Normandy, conquered England and took it as a stronghold in his reign. The French rule over England lasted for several centuries and brought about innumerable changes to the English state, language, culture and lifestyle. William imported French rulers to take over English government and religious posts. The French were not only the new aristocracy in England, but the new society. The English amended their language and their culture in an effort to more resemble the French and to communicate with their new lords. The English language was more changed by the Norman Conquest than by any other event in the course of English history. Middle English is defined as the four hundred year period between the Norman Conquest and the time the printing press was introduced to England in 1476. This essay will explore the specific effects that the French had on Middle English morphology, phonology, syntax, semantics and lexicon. During the period of French rule in England the standing of English as a valid language dropped substantially as French took over as the status language. Because so much of the French influence has been nativized by present-day speakers, many do not realize the impact that our language took in the years following 1066. Not one aspect of English life went untouched by the Norman presence in England, notably, its language. Phonology In addition to introducing new words into the English language, the Normans also introduced some new sounds. The English had previously had no phonemic distinction between /f/ and /v/; /v/ was merely an allophone of /f/ that occurred between vowels. However, with the influx of French loans which began in /v/ and contrasted as minimal pairs in English, this distinction made its way into Middle English: French loans English vetch fetch view few vile file The French also influenced the adoption of several new diphthongs into English. Diphthongs are two vowel sounds which are pronounced as one. Diphthong Old French Old English /eu/ neveu neveu (nephew) /au/ cause cause /Ui/ bouillir boille (boil) point point / i/ noyse noise choisir chois (choice) The new English diphthongs were not exactly like they were in French - they were modified by existing English vowels to create brand new diphthongs. The stress pattern of Old French words differed from that of Old English words, and often both stress patterns were present. Germanic languages, such as English, tends to place primary stress on the first syllable, unless that syllable is an unstressed prefix. French, on the other hand, prefers to stress the heavy syllable (one containing a coda) closest to the end of the word. Middle English loans from French often retained their native stress pattern, however, in Present-Day English, the majority of these borrowed words have conformed to the Germanic pattern. Lexicon Irrefutably, the largest influence that the Normans had on the English language was on its vocabulary. From the time William usurped the English throne until the end of the Middle English period, our language was inundated with French vocabulary terms. In fact, of the 2,650 words in the epic English poem "Sir Gawaine and the Green Knight," at least 750 are estimated to be of French origin. Even in Present-Day English, some of our most commonly used words are of French origin; table, tax, religion, trouble and pray are all derived from French words borrowed into Middle English. Hardly one syntactic category was left untouched by French loan-words during Middle English, although the majority of English words borrowed from Old French tended to be nouns, verbs and adjectives. The following is a very brief sample of some now-common words which had recently joined English in the Middle English period: Adjectives: inequales ?inequal,' principalis ?principal,' naturales ?natural' Verbs: strive, please, waste, join, cover Prepositions: French contributed to the constructions of according to and during Interjections: gramercy ?thank you' Nouns: ancestor, cellar, dinner, garment, kennel, music, noun, plague, statute The French gave the English language many specialized words, such as those used in culinary or legal situations. Because the Normans had taken over judicial and aristocratic roles, their high-prestige vocabulary was passed on to the lower-class English who acted as their clerks and servants. Thus, many cooking terms such as broil, goblet, and beverage were passed on by masters to their servants. The French influence on the lexicon was nearly nonexistent in areas where the French masters would have had little or no contact with their servants, for example, in the field.

World Trade Organization Regulations and Contracts between Countries

World Trade Organization Regulations and Contracts between Countries Introduction World trade organization can be analyzed from two perspectives. First of all, it is considered as a way of negotiating the trade dispute or as a way of opening trade. Governments, the participants of the world trade organization, use this avenue to settle trading disputes between member countries using the rules that were established among them and signed to all of them.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on World Trade Organization: Regulations and Contracts between Countries specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The organization was established after negotiations had been held and agreement had been signed. Thus, all actions taken by an organization are guided by the rules provided in the agreement and negotiations among the major countries. Its current operations are largely guided by the agreements of the 1986-1984 in Uruguay and the other rules that guided General Agreement on Tariff and Trade (GATT) which th e WTO replaced. WTO is the product of the new agreements inaugurated in the year 2001 through the â€Å"Doha Development Agenda†. The WTO negotiations helped countries that faced trade barriers to operate in open market environments. At times, the rules also support trade barriers to block out non member countries, as well as protect consumers. This helps control the spread of unethical rules and procedures. The success of the organization is a result of the agreement signed by over 27 countries trading together. The organization ensures free trade among the operating countries through regulation of the international trade and it has succeeded in meeting its objectives as it will be described in this paper (Haerens 2010). Before WTO was introduced, GATT had been operating between 1947 and 1986, the period within which it made several achievements. Its last achievement in 1974 was a successful agreement regarding international trade in textiles, it rebranded the Multifibre Arr angement (MFA) and it came into operation. It was formed to control the growth of exports in textile and clothing strictly at 6% per year. Several negotiations took place in 1977 and 1982 with an extension in 1986 and 1991 and lastly in 1992 which led to the sister organization the WTO. In 1986, World Trade Organization was brought into inception during the Uruguay Launch in the city of Punta del Este. The final law which established the WTO was signed by the member countries in April 1994 to round up the outcomes of the Uruguay round.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More On January 1st , it entered into full operation, after successfully operating for 4 years a new round was signed in Seattle but failed in the ministerial meeting. As a result, a new round of talks was scheduled for Doha, Qatar branded the Doha Development Agenda. Each of the results of the meetings re sulted into rules and procedures geared to support international trade. It was agreed and signed that there was a minimum which each country could inject into the world trade. Developing countries are set for quotas given their 2/3 share in the quota. The contracts signed bind member countries to adhere and keep the policies agreed upon and follow them to the limits prescribed. The main objective to be achieved by the rule regulations and contracts is creation of an enabling environment for countries producing both, goods and services, as well as importers and exporters so that they are able to do business successfully. The rules also guide on ethical practices which are geared towards helping the said countries to meet their environmentally, as well as socially acceptable aims and goals (Haerens 2010). Roles of WTO and their success the WTO has enormously succeeded in bulk of the roles accorded to it. The organization has since developed a framework and structures to support its wo rk through formed treaties. WTO has combining roles and responsibilities one of which is to be an overseer of a signed treaty that is over thirty thousand pages. The other treaties that it is to look at and safeguard, is that involving agreement with regards to safety of goods and services to both the producer and consumer countries respectively. The strength and effectiveness of the WTO was seen at the start but has since recorded a decline in strength and how viable it is especially after the failure of the ministerial conference which happened in Seattle. Trade dispute settlement is a key identity of the WTO through it is a well established dispute settlement procedures. The organization officers have great pride in the manner in which they are always up to the task of settling any dispute that entangles their members, through this the WTO had a very big impact on the world trade systems and alongside the diplomacy between countries resulting into trade propelled.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on World Trade Organization: Regulations and Contracts between Countries specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The treaties efficacy is dully supported by international laws hence efficiency. The treaties are also highly supported since they support free trade flow and free trade flow is responsible for massive economic development and growth mostly realized with developing countries (Macrory, Appleton, Plummer 2005). Reasons for success of WTO The reasons that have ensured that success is achieved are by ensuring that individuals, firm and organizations and member countries are aware of the trade rules and regulations. The stakeholders must also be assured of the stability and how long lasting the laws is likely to be so that their confidence is worn. The rules must advocate for transparency and accountability not forgetting that they should be predictable so that they enhance the planning of the member c ountries (Macrory, Appleton, Plummer 2005). The underlying base of the dispute settlement process of the WTO is the normal agreement on the basis of a strong legal framework which ensures that conflicting interests are always laid to rest and the interpretation of agreements, whenever there is some form of misunderstanding among the member countries. Through its strong dispute settling framework, WTO has been a success in solving trade disputes since its inception; this has acted as its strong pillar. Members have witnessed and agreed that this dispute settling pillar has been beneficial to most of the members if not all, since it has facilitated members in solving their trade wrangles at fast speed in a fair and just manner and at a highly predictable way. The achievement of the organization in achieving settlements of international disputes due to its automatic nature of action has enhanced world security, peace, stability and certainty of its international trade regulations. Whil e it is true that there is never success without challenges, it is of no doubt that the ads override the disadvantages in the procedure of conducting and resolving international trade disputes, the appellate body has also contributed significantly to ensuring that members get clarification on vague issues as indicated by the contract documents (Qureshi 2006).Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Developed vs. developing countries It is true that policies of the WTO are shaped majorly by the developed countries due to the vast challenges that the developing countries face. The ever growing problem that is that of economic disparity between the developed and developing countries. WTO deals with facilitation for condition of trade and investment. The challenge that is faced by the WTO is how to integrate the developing country given their specific concerns about the organization. The developing countries cannot be neglected given that their quota in the organization is allocated 2/3 of the membership classification. This is despite the fact that they actively attend the meetings and listen to the speakers, while they do not comment on anything. In this manner, they constitute a part of the decisions arrived, without contributing anything to the resolutions. This may be favorable or unfavorable. The silence may be because they may not be feeling that the decisions arrived affec t them directly, they may as well not understand the content of discussion hence fear being irrelevant. They may also be afraid of providing opposing decisions since opposing a major developed country may act as a slap on their face, politically or economically. The strategy may also be relevant in the case where a country does not participate thinking that another stronger country will speak for them. Far from the mentioned above, the slow development of trade of developing countries, as compared to those of developed is a major issue with the WTO. This is because their power is political due to their voting power in the block is of immense importance to economic development. Trade liberalization that is majorly influenced by the developing nations through their votiong facilitates the development of the promotion of increased trade and investment (Macrory, Appleton, Plummer 2005). The General Agreement for Trade in Services (GATS) as a binding contract is used to enhance and suppo rt business of services which are never well developed in developing countries. This agreement is to enable developing countries to have the capability of exporting services and also form partnerships with the foreign service firms so that they are able to share in their technology. When it comes to dispute resolution, developed countries are the major participants led by the US and the EU, but recently the developing countries have been witnessed to participate in equal measure. It has been evidenced that developing countries have shown success in dispute resolution systems not only developed country members but to extremely larger trading nations (WTO analytical index 2003). The Cancun Agreement The agreement was established prominently to help in addressing long term environmental set backs, especially climatic change. The policies are set to help in cutting down the emission of green house gases. Its fundamental objective was to help save developing nations from vast effects of the gases. The agreements were to help reduce production of green house gases through enhanced participation of all countries. It advocated for transparency and timeliness in the way the actions were taken among many other agreements (Krolll 2007). Conclusion The agreement have lead to a success in the forms that it has ensured that the world countries are able to come together to agree in a way to reduce green house effect, it has come at a time when the developing countries needed help to deal with climate change, hence the agreement provided it with the relevant package for the same. It has also resulted into the pieces of agreement being done within the required schedule. The world trade organization has since played a fundamental role in shaping how countries relate depending on whether they are developed, developing or less developed. This body has facilitated the spread of resources in almost an equal measure to create a balance. The formulated ideas are thus very essential f or the development of the world orders. References Haerens, M. (2010). The World Trade Organization. Detroit: Greenhaven Press/gale, Cengage Learning. Krolll, D. (2007). Toward multilateral competition law?: after Cancun: reevaluating the case for additional international competition rules under special consideration of the WTO agreement. Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang. Macrory, P. F., Appleton, A. E., Plummer, M. G. (2005). The World Trade Organization legal, economic and political analysis. New York: Springer. Qureshi, A. H. (2006). Interpreting WTO agreements: problems and perspectives. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. WTO analytical index: guide to WTO law and practice. (2003). Geneva: WTO Publications.

Drilling fluid Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Drilling fluid - Essay Example The drilling fluid clogs the pores reducing the rocks permeability. This results into formation damage that reduces or prevents production from the reservoir rock after the completion of the well. Lost circulation is another issue that is caused due to creation of highly porous and permeable formation in the subsurface. The drilling fluid gets into the formation without forming up a filter cake. The lost circulation problem is solved by pumping down the fibrous materials such as ground pecan hulls, mica flakes, sugar cane hulls or even shredded cellophane material into the well. They get into the pore spaces of the lost-circulation formation and swell up there closing off the formation and solving the problem. Blowout is caused due to unexpected pressure in the subsurface and fluid comes out of the subsurface rocks known as Kick. With the water or oil flowing into the well gets mixed up with the drilling mud and makes it lighter exerting less pressure on the bottom. The blowout preventers are used to close the hole and to stop the Kick. The drilling mud is constantly monitored for its weight, electrical resistivity, or temperature to know if fluid is being cut by subsurface